Shangqiu Ancient City (4A level, Figure 1), located in Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, is one of the best-preserved ancient cities in China, and is one of China's top ten ancient cities and a national water conservancy scenic area (Figure 2).
Shangqiu has a history of over 4,000 years, and has been a famous capital city throughout history. Emperor Ku, Shang Tang, and the State of Song all established their capitals here (Figure 3).
Shangqiu Ancient City has three main characteristics: an octagonal city, a water city, and a city built upon a city.
The entire city is circular on the outside and square on the inside, reflecting the concept of a round heaven and a square earth. It has four gates with eight entrances, staggered layouts, and ninety-three streets arranged like a chessboard (Figure 4), guided by the principles of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and the Eight Trigrams and Feng Shui.
A wide city lake surrounds the city, making it appear as if the ancient city is built on water from a distance (Figure 5).
The existing Guide Prefecture City (Figure 6) was built during the Hongzhi and Zhengde periods of the Ming Dynasty, and has a history of over 500 years. Below it lie six ancient capital cities: Nanjing (Yingtian Prefecture) of the Northern Song Dynasty, Songzhou (Songzhou City) of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Suiyang (Suzhou City) of the Liang State of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and Song State of the Zhou Dynasty.
Entrance to the ancient city is free, but some smaller attractions within the city require payment. The official combined ticket includes the following three attractions:
**Guide Prefecture City Wall (Figure 7):** A relatively well-preserved Ming Dynasty city wall. We only climbed the South Gate—Gongyang Gate—from which one can overlook the scenery inside and outside the city.
**Zhang Xun Ancestral Hall (Figure 8):** Commemorating Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, generals of the Tang Dynasty's defense of Suiyang, it is a patriotic education base.
**Yingtian Academy (Figure 9):** The foremost of the four great academies of the Northern Song Dynasty, where Fan Zhongyan once studied and taught.