The oldest village in Xinjiang, hidden for 1700 years
There is a place in Xinjiang, tucked at the foot of Flaming Mountain, with a history of 1700 years, yet few people know about it.
Tuyugou Mazha Village.
"Mazha" means "holy land" in Arabic. This village is located in Shanshan County, Turpan, on the southern slope of Flaming Mountain, and is one of the oldest existing Uyghur villages in China.
Driving into the Tuyugou Grand Canyon, the cliffs on both sides are bright red, as if scorched by fire. At the end of the canyon, an oasis suddenly appears before your eyes—earth-toned houses stacked layer upon layer along the hillside in an orderly yet staggered manner. These houses are built from rammed earth, without a single steel bar, and rarely using bricks. The walls are made of packed earth, and the roofs are coated with mud, yet they have stood for over a thousand years.
Walking into the village, the most striking feeling is the sense of time displacement. Underfoot are thousand-year-old earthen paths, flanked by century-old houses, with walls etched by the marks of time. Some walls are as thick as one meter, insulating against summer heat and winter cold—a wisdom of the ancestors. Narrow alleys run between the houses, so tight that two people walking side by side must turn sideways. Turning a corner, you might suddenly see a mulberry tree hundreds of years old, its shade covering the entire courtyard.
At the center of the village is the Tuyugou Grand Mosque, built in 996 AD, one of the oldest mosques in Xinjiang. Inside the mosque is a spring said to have never dried up for a thousand years, and villagers still drink from it today. Sitting by the spring was an elderly man with a graying beard. Seeing our interest in the water, he approached and said, "This is the lifeline of our village, 1700 years old, never dried up."
Tuyugou is one of the holy sites of Islam. Legend has it that in the 7th century, a missionary was martyred here and buried on the mountain behind the village, hence the name "Mazha." Every year, Muslims from all over come to pilgrimage, especially during festivals, when the entire village is filled with religious atmosphere.
The village also has the famous Thousand Buddha Caves site, located halfway up Flaming Mountain. The caves were carved in the 4th century AD, 200 years earlier than the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang. The murals and statues showcase the spread of Buddhism in this region. Unfortunately, due to multiple wars in history, the caves have been severely damaged, and only a small portion remains visible today.
If you get tired walking around the village, you can visit villagers' homes. They are very hospitable and will greet you in Uyghur, inviting you to drink tea. Some families will bring out homemade raisins and dried apricots for you to try. The raisins are naturally air-dried in drying rooms without any additives, sweet and pure. The dried apricots are sun-dried from their own apricots, with a sweet and sour taste.
At the village entrance is a mulberry forest with tall, large mulberry trees. In early summer, when mulberries ripen, the ground is covered with purple-black fruit, soft underfoot. Villagers pick the mulberries to make mulberry jam and mulberry wine. In some years, the harvest is so abundant that the fruit is left to rot on the ground, becoming fertilizer.
Summers in Tuyugou are very hot, reaching up to 40°C in July and August. But the wind blowing through the canyon is not dry heat; it carries a bit of coolness. Sitting in the courtyard at night, looking up at the stars, the Milky Way is especially clear. Villagers say the sky here is close to the ground, making the stars particularly bright.
There are also some artisans in the village. An elderly grandmother weaves carpets using wool, with traditional geometric patterns. It takes several months to weave one carpet, but she insists on handcrafting because machine-made ones lack soul. There is also a carpenter who makes doors and window frames with very delicate carvings. He says these skills are passed down from ancestors and must not be lost.
In Tuyugou, time seems to slow down. People work at sunrise and rest at sunset, living much the same life as a hundred years ago. There is no WiFi, and mobile signals are weak, but this makes people feel relaxed. You wake up to the sound of roosters and fall asleep to the sound of insects at night.
There are fewer young people in the village; most have moved to cities. Those left are mostly elders and children. The elders guard the old houses, and children run around the alleys, their laughter echoing between the earthen walls. This quietness reminds one of childhood.
Address: Tuyugou Township, Shanshan County, Turpan City, Xinjiang
🎫 Admission: Free (Thousand Buddha Caves charge separately, about 45 RMB)
⏰ Opening Hours: Open all day
🚗 Transportation: About 1 hour by charter from Turpan city center, or take the Shanshan County-Tuyugou shuttle bus
🅿️ Parking: There is a parking lot at the village entrance, with cheap fees
🍜 Food: You can eat at villagers' homes, with dishes like pilaf, roasted lamb, and naan
🏨 Accommodation: The village has a few guesthouses, simple but affordable
📸 Photography: Best times are early morning and evening, with soft light and cooler temperatures
👗 Dress Code: Respect religious customs, avoid wearing revealing clothes
⚠️ Note: Take precautions against heat in summer, bring enough water and sun protection
Coming from Turpan, you can also visit Flaming Mountain, Grape Valley, and Karez irrigation system, planning a full day. The best time to see Tuyugou is early morning, when smoke rises from the earthen roofs, and the whole village seems to just wake up, quiet and gentle.
Visiting Tuyugou is not about sightseeing, but about feeling a sense of time. The feeling that people from a thousand years ago and people today are stepping on the same land, breathing the same air.
Standing on the hillside behind the village, looking north is the bright red cliff of Flaming Mountain, and to the south is the oasis and desert. You will understand why this place became a holy land—in such a desolate place, there is this oasis. If this is not a miracle, what is?
After 1700 years, this village still stands. It does not speak, but if you stand there, you can hear the sound of time.
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💡 Tips:
1. Best travel time: April-May, September-October, with comfortable temperatures
2. Must-bring items: Sunscreen, hat, sunglasses, water
3. No ATMs in the village, prepare cash in advance
4. Ask permission before photographing people, especially elders
5. The Thousand Buddha Caves require hiking; wear comfortable shoes
6. Signal is poor in the village; download offline maps in advance